Organelles
Label the organelles and their function. Which letter represents them in the diagram?
1. E. nucleus
2. ribosome
3. C. cytoplasm
4. A. cell membrane
5. B. cell wall
6. J. golgi apparatus
7. I. smooth ER
8. I. rough ER
9. H. mitochondria
10. F. chloroplast
11. D. vacuole
12. G. lysosome
Cell Theory
What are the 3 parts to the Cell Theory?
1. All living things are made up of cells
2. Cells are the basic building blocks of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
Who helped create the Cell Theory?
Shleiden, Schwann, Virchow
Who named the cell and wrote a book called Micrographia?
Robert Hooke
Who made a better microscope?
Leeuwenhoek
Mitochondria
Explain the steps of Cellular Respiration.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose.
What is the equation?
C6H1206 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP).
Which are the reactants and which are the products?
Reactants- sugar, oxygen Products- Carbon dioxide, water and energy
Below is an molecule of Adenosine TriphosPhate. What is this? ATP
How does mitochondria rely on the cell membrane?
To bring things into and out of the cell for cellular respiration
What 3 things does it need?
It relies on it to bring in sugar and oxygen and take out carbon dioxide.
Chloroplast
What are the steps to photosynthesis?
Water and CO2 enter the plant and are transformed into sugar and O2.
What is the equation? Which are the reactants and which are the products?
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
When will photosynthesis occur the least?
At night
What is chlorophyll?
A chemical that is responsible for collecting light
What color does it reflect?
Green
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
Which one is a product of photosynthesis?
Carbohydrates
Is it simple or complex?
Simple
Diffusion
What are the 3 different kinds of diffusion?
1. Facilitated diffusion
2. Active Transport
3. Osmosis
Which one only moves water?
Osmosis
Which one requires energy?
Active Transport
Which ones go from a high to low concentration?
Osmosis and Diffusion
Which one can go from a low to a high concentration?
Active Transport
What does semi-permeable or selectively permeable mean?
Only some things can cross through the membrane
How would a body cell (which contains many minerals and salts) maintain homeostasis when placed in a fresh water environment?
It will pump out fresh water using active transport
Which are considered passive processes (requiring no energy)?
Osmosis and diffusion
Osmosis
Define Osmosis
The diffusion of water
What are the three different types of solutions? What do they mean?
1. Hypotonic- water will go into the cell in this type of solution
2. Hypertonic-water will leave the cell in this type of solution
3. Isotonic- water will move in and out of the cell at equal rates
What do you think the cell will try to do if placed in a different type of solution than it came from?
Try to maintain homeostasis using active transport
If you soak your hands in dishwater, you may notice that your skin absorbs water and swells into wrinkles. This is because your skin cells are _______________ to the _______________ dishwater.
A.hypotonic…hypertonic
D.isotonic…hypotonic
E.hypertonic…isotonic
What is homeostasis?
A process of actively maintaining stable conditions necessary for life
What is equilibrium?
Stable conditions, constant
Osmosis
1. In osmosis, water always moves toward the ____ solution: that is, toward the solution with the ____ solute concentration.
B.a hypotonic sucrose solution
C.a hypertonic urea solution
D.a hypotonic urea solution
E.pure water
Osmosis
Active Transport
What is it called when something is pushed out of the cell using energy?
exocytosis
What is it called when something is pulled into the cell using energy?
endocytosis
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
What is a Prokaryote?
Old type of cell, very few organelles
List examples.
Bacteria, amoeba
What is a Eukaryote?
True cell, having a nucleus
List at least 3 examples.
Humans, plants, animals
Which organelles would a prokaryote be missing?
Nucleus, have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA.
What is the Endosymbiosis Theory?
The idea that mitochondria and chloroplast were prokaryotes that came into a eukaryotic cell and maintained a beneficial relationship.
What does this theory have to do with the evolution of life on our planet?
Before this, life was not able to exist on a larger scale as energy and food were not successfully made.
What is an autotroph? List as many examples as you can.
An organism that makes it own food. Plants, bacteria, algae.
What process do autotrophs perform for food?
Photosynthesis
What is a heterotroph? List as many examples as you can?
Organisms that have to eat something for energy. Humans, animals, fungi.
What process do heterotrophs perform for energy? Cellular Respiration
Osmosis
2. A red blood cell has a salt concentration of 0.9%. What will happen if it is placed into a 1% salt solution? The red blood cell will
Latin Roots
Fill in the meanings:
Latin Root
Meaning
Latin Root
Meaning
bi –
Two
ante –
Before
deca –
Ten
com –
Together
di –
Two
cyclo–
Circle
geo –
Earth
eco –
House
heli –
Dun
ex –
Out
hemi –
Half
extra –
Outside
litho –
Stone
infra –
Beneath
(-logy) –
The study of
mega -
Great, large
mono –
One
neo –
New
oct –
Eight
nom –
Name
quadr –
Four
palaeo –
Ancient
terr –
Earth
pre –
Before
tetra –
Four
pseud –
Fake
tri –
Three
tax –
Order
uni –
One
trans-
Move
a –
Without
vivi –
Alive
auto –
Self
aero –
Air
centr –
Center
aqua –
Water
cide –
Kill or destroy
bio –
Life
crypt –
Hidden
cyt –
Cell
gene –
Birth
dent –
Tooth
hetero –
Different, other
derm –
Hide/skin
homo –
Same
endo –
Within
kary –
Nucleus
hydro –
Water
mal-
Bad
hyper –
Above, more
meta –
hypo –
Below, less
morph –
Form
iso –
Equal
muta –
Change
ped –
Food
poly –
Multiple
photo –
Light
sym-
with
semi –
half
Compare and contrast diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low. No energy required.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water. No energy required.
Active transport requires energy and is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient. Can move from a low to a high concentration.
Fill in the blanks
1. sun 2. Chloroplast 3. Glucose 4. Oxygen 5. Mitochondria 6. Carbon dioxide 7. Water 8. ATP
What happens to stored energy from the mitochondria? It is released
Carbon dioxide creates a weak acid in bromothymol blue which makes it green. The test tube A turned from green to blue. Where did the carbon dioxide go?
Absorbed by the plant
Photosynthesis
What acts as a catalyst for photosynthesis to occur?
sunlight
What effect would it have on the rate of photosynthesis if not available?
Slow down production of sugar and oxygen
What would happen to the production of sugar if carbon dioxide were removed from the plants environment?
Slow down the process and production of products
Of water, temperature and light intensity: which do you think would affect the rate of photosynthesis the greatest?
Light intensity
Draw a diagram representing how photosynthesis occurs.
Fermentation
What is fermentation?
The process in which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
What is anaerobic activity?
Without oxygen
What is the product for plants and what is the product for animals?
(Hint: one of them makes beer/wine and the other makes your muscles sore after working out)
Plants- alcohol Animals- lactic acid
Which organelle is responsible for fermentation?
Mitochondria
-All of the following are sources of energy during exercise, except:
A. stored ATP
B. Alcoholic Fermentation
C. Lactic Acid Fermentation
D. Cellular Respiration
The graph below shows the data from a contestant on the biggest loser, a T.V. show where people try very hard to change their body type. Over time the people’s bodies slowly get more efficient at working out. They also tend to get less sore and can do the same amount of work without getting tired.
What is this graph indicating about available energy over time?
Energy increases over time
Osmosis
If we allow this to sit overnight, what will change color and what color will it be?
orange
Why do some molecules move through the membrane and some do not?
The membrane is selectively permeable
The molecules inside the bag are sucrose molecules. Sucrose cannot be split by water and it too big to move through the bag unless split. What would we do to make sucrose split so it can move through the membrane?
Label the organelles and their function. Which letter represents them in the diagram?
1. E. nucleus
2. ribosome
3. C. cytoplasm
4. A. cell membrane
5. B. cell wall
6. J. golgi apparatus
7. I. smooth ER
8. I. rough ER
9. H. mitochondria
10. F. chloroplast
11. D. vacuole
12. G. lysosome
Cell Theory
What are the 3 parts to the Cell Theory?
1. All living things are made up of cells
2. Cells are the basic building blocks of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
Who helped create the Cell Theory?
Shleiden, Schwann, Virchow
Who named the cell and wrote a book called Micrographia?
Robert Hooke
Who made a better microscope?
Leeuwenhoek
Mitochondria
Explain the steps of Cellular Respiration.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose.
What is the equation?
C6H1206 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP).
Which are the reactants and which are the products?
Reactants- sugar, oxygen Products- Carbon dioxide, water and energy
Below is an molecule of Adenosine TriphosPhate. What is this? ATP
How does mitochondria rely on the cell membrane?
To bring things into and out of the cell for cellular respiration
What 3 things does it need?
It relies on it to bring in sugar and oxygen and take out carbon dioxide.
Chloroplast
What are the steps to photosynthesis?
Water and CO2 enter the plant and are transformed into sugar and O2.
What is the equation? Which are the reactants and which are the products?
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
When will photosynthesis occur the least?
At night
What is chlorophyll?
A chemical that is responsible for collecting light
What color does it reflect?
Green
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
Which one is a product of photosynthesis?
Carbohydrates
Is it simple or complex?
Simple
Diffusion
What are the 3 different kinds of diffusion?
1. Facilitated diffusion
2. Active Transport
3. Osmosis
Which one only moves water?
Osmosis
Which one requires energy?
Active Transport
Which ones go from a high to low concentration?
Osmosis and Diffusion
Which one can go from a low to a high concentration?
Active Transport
What does semi-permeable or selectively permeable mean?
Only some things can cross through the membrane
How would a body cell (which contains many minerals and salts) maintain homeostasis when placed in a fresh water environment?
It will pump out fresh water using active transport
Which are considered passive processes (requiring no energy)?
Osmosis and diffusion
Osmosis
Define Osmosis
The diffusion of water
What are the three different types of solutions? What do they mean?
1. Hypotonic- water will go into the cell in this type of solution
2. Hypertonic-water will leave the cell in this type of solution
3. Isotonic- water will move in and out of the cell at equal rates
What do you think the cell will try to do if placed in a different type of solution than it came from?
Try to maintain homeostasis using active transport
If you soak your hands in dishwater, you may notice that your skin absorbs water and swells into wrinkles. This is because your skin cells are _______________ to the _______________ dishwater.
A.hypotonic…hypertonic
- hypertonic…hypotonic
D.isotonic…hypotonic
E.hypertonic…isotonic
What is homeostasis?
A process of actively maintaining stable conditions necessary for life
What is equilibrium?
Stable conditions, constant
Osmosis
1. In osmosis, water always moves toward the ____ solution: that is, toward the solution with the ____ solute concentration.
- isotonic…greater
- hypertonic…greater
- hypertonic…lesser
- hypotonic…greater
- hypotonic…lesser
- The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?
B.a hypotonic sucrose solution
C.a hypertonic urea solution
D.a hypotonic urea solution
E.pure water
- Sea water is dangerous to drink because
- one cup of sea water contains enough sodium to poison you.
- sea water is hypertonic to your body tissues and drinking it will cause you to lose water.
- sea water is isotonic to your body fluids and you will absorb too much water.
- the salt causes hypertension and you will promptly die of a stroke.
- it contains toxic levels of iodine.
- If the volume of a cell increases when it is placed in a solution, that solution is said to be __________ to the cell.
- hypertonic
- subatomic
- isotonic
- gin and tonic
- hypotonic
Osmosis
- Inside one osmosis bag*, A, is a 50% glucose solution and inside bag B is a 20% glucose solution. Both bags are put into beakers containing 100% water.
- Bag A will gain weight.
- Bag B will gain weight.
- Both bags will gain weight.
- Both bags will lose weight.
- Both bags will remain the same.
- A 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to red blood cells. Which of these describes the results if red blood cells are placed into a 9% solution of NaCl?
- They will burst.
- They will shrink.
- Nothing will happen.
- They will expand but not burst.
- None of the above.
- Wallway is a new general herbicide for aquatic plants. Its main ingredient is a marine salt solution. It is effective against freshwater but not saltwater plants. It works by breaking down the cell walls of the plants. The freshwater plants die because their cells
- swell and cease to function.
- shrink.
- remain the same size but malfunction.
- are crushed by the weight of the plant.
- [not enough information to tell]
Active Transport
What is it called when something is pushed out of the cell using energy?
exocytosis
What is it called when something is pulled into the cell using energy?
endocytosis
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
What is a Prokaryote?
Old type of cell, very few organelles
List examples.
Bacteria, amoeba
What is a Eukaryote?
True cell, having a nucleus
List at least 3 examples.
Humans, plants, animals
Which organelles would a prokaryote be missing?
Nucleus, have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA.
What is the Endosymbiosis Theory?
The idea that mitochondria and chloroplast were prokaryotes that came into a eukaryotic cell and maintained a beneficial relationship.
What does this theory have to do with the evolution of life on our planet?
Before this, life was not able to exist on a larger scale as energy and food were not successfully made.
What is an autotroph? List as many examples as you can.
An organism that makes it own food. Plants, bacteria, algae.
What process do autotrophs perform for food?
Photosynthesis
What is a heterotroph? List as many examples as you can?
Organisms that have to eat something for energy. Humans, animals, fungi.
What process do heterotrophs perform for energy? Cellular Respiration
Osmosis
- Flasks X, Y, and Z contain solutions with different concentrations of the solute NaCl.
- Flask X has 0.5% NaCl
- Flask Y has 0.9% NaCl
- Flask Z has 1.5% NaCl
- Flask X: Contract Flask Y: Unchanged Flask Z: Swell
- Flask X: Swell Flask Y: Unchanged Flask Z: Contract
- Flask X: Unchanged Flask Y: Swell Flask Z: Contract
- Flask X: Unchanged Flask Y: Unchanged Flask Z: Unchanged
2. A red blood cell has a salt concentration of 0.9%. What will happen if it is placed into a 1% salt solution? The red blood cell will
- shrink if its membrane is permeable to both the salt and the water.
- shrink if its membrane is impermeable to the salt and permeable to the water.
- maintain its shape - nothing will happen.
- swell and probably burst because its membrane is impermeable to salt and permeable to water.
- swell and probably burst because its membrane is impermeable to water and permeable to salt.
Latin Roots
Fill in the meanings:
Latin Root
Meaning
Latin Root
Meaning
bi –
Two
ante –
Before
deca –
Ten
com –
Together
di –
Two
cyclo–
Circle
geo –
Earth
eco –
House
heli –
Dun
ex –
Out
hemi –
Half
extra –
Outside
litho –
Stone
infra –
Beneath
(-logy) –
The study of
mega -
Great, large
mono –
One
neo –
New
oct –
Eight
nom –
Name
quadr –
Four
palaeo –
Ancient
terr –
Earth
pre –
Before
tetra –
Four
pseud –
Fake
tri –
Three
tax –
Order
uni –
One
trans-
Move
a –
Without
vivi –
Alive
auto –
Self
aero –
Air
centr –
Center
aqua –
Water
cide –
Kill or destroy
bio –
Life
crypt –
Hidden
cyt –
Cell
gene –
Birth
dent –
Tooth
hetero –
Different, other
derm –
Hide/skin
homo –
Same
endo –
Within
kary –
Nucleus
hydro –
Water
mal-
Bad
hyper –
Above, more
meta –
hypo –
Below, less
morph –
Form
iso –
Equal
muta –
Change
ped –
Food
poly –
Multiple
photo –
Light
sym-
with
semi –
half
Compare and contrast diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low. No energy required.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water. No energy required.
Active transport requires energy and is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient. Can move from a low to a high concentration.
Fill in the blanks
1. sun 2. Chloroplast 3. Glucose 4. Oxygen 5. Mitochondria 6. Carbon dioxide 7. Water 8. ATP
What happens to stored energy from the mitochondria? It is released
Carbon dioxide creates a weak acid in bromothymol blue which makes it green. The test tube A turned from green to blue. Where did the carbon dioxide go?
Absorbed by the plant
Photosynthesis
What acts as a catalyst for photosynthesis to occur?
sunlight
What effect would it have on the rate of photosynthesis if not available?
Slow down production of sugar and oxygen
What would happen to the production of sugar if carbon dioxide were removed from the plants environment?
Slow down the process and production of products
Of water, temperature and light intensity: which do you think would affect the rate of photosynthesis the greatest?
Light intensity
Draw a diagram representing how photosynthesis occurs.
Fermentation
What is fermentation?
The process in which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
What is anaerobic activity?
Without oxygen
What is the product for plants and what is the product for animals?
(Hint: one of them makes beer/wine and the other makes your muscles sore after working out)
Plants- alcohol Animals- lactic acid
Which organelle is responsible for fermentation?
Mitochondria
-All of the following are sources of energy during exercise, except:
A. stored ATP
B. Alcoholic Fermentation
C. Lactic Acid Fermentation
D. Cellular Respiration
The graph below shows the data from a contestant on the biggest loser, a T.V. show where people try very hard to change their body type. Over time the people’s bodies slowly get more efficient at working out. They also tend to get less sore and can do the same amount of work without getting tired.
What is this graph indicating about available energy over time?
Energy increases over time
Osmosis
If we allow this to sit overnight, what will change color and what color will it be?
orange
Why do some molecules move through the membrane and some do not?
The membrane is selectively permeable
The molecules inside the bag are sucrose molecules. Sucrose cannot be split by water and it too big to move through the bag unless split. What would we do to make sucrose split so it can move through the membrane?
- heat up the bag
- add more sucrose
- add an enzyme called sucrase designed to split sucrose
- add iodine to get starch out of the bag