Meiosis Notes
Meiosis Video Crossing Over STOP Motion Information Rubric Meiosis Write up Example of STOP Motion video- don't make yours this long!
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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
While asexual reproduction only involves one organism, sexual reproduction requires both a male and a female. Some plants and unicellular organisms reproduce asexually. Most mammals and fish use sexual reproduction. Some organisms like corals and komodo dragons can reproduce either sexually or asexually. But in the long term (over several generations), lack of sexual reproduction compromises their ability to adapt to the environment because they do not benefit from the genetic variation introduced by sexual reproduction. Comparison chart Asexual Reproduction versus Sexual Reproduction comparison chart Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Number of organisms involved One parent needed Two parents are required to mate Cell division Cells divide by Fission, budding , or regeneration Cells divide by Meiosis Types Budding, vegetative reproduction, fragmentation, spore formation Syngamy and conjugation Advantages Time Efficient; no need to search for mate, requires less energy Variation, Unique., organism is more protected Disadvantages No variation - if the parent has a genetic disease, offspring does too. Requires two organisms, requires more energy Evolution There is very little chance of variation with asexual reproduction. Mutations in DNAcan still occur but not nearly as frequently as in sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation in new generations of offspring. This is fundamental to evolution. Involvement of sex cells No formation or fusion of gametes (sex cell) Formation and fusion of gametes (sex cell) occurs Found in Lower organisms Higher invertebrates and all vertebrates Unit of reproduction May be whole parent body or a bud or a fragment or a single somatic cell Gamete Time taken Asexual reproduction is completed in a very short period of time. Sexual reproduction can take several months to complete. Number of offspring Two or more One or more TypesThere are several different types of asexual reproduction. These include budding, where the offspring grows out of the body of the parent, and gemmules, where the parent releases a specialized mass of cells that will become a new individual. There are two types of sexual reproduction. Syngamy is the permanent fusion of two haploid gametes to create a zygote. In humans, this is called fertilization. Conjugation, on the other hand, is temporary fusion using a cytoplasmic bridge. This is particularly seen in bacteria, which pass DNA across the bridge. ProcessAsexual reproduction is reproduction that occurs without any interaction between two different members of a species. Cells divide using mitosis, in which each chromosome is copied before the nucleus divides, with each new cell receiving identical genetic information. Sexual reproduction is reproduction that requires a male and a female of the same species to contribute genetic material. Special cells called gametes are produced through meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes in each resulting cell. These cells are called haploid gametes. Fertilization occurs when two gametes – one from a male and one from a female – combine, producing a diploid zygote with its own individual genetic makeup. ExamplesAsexual reproduction is used by many plants, e.g. spider plants, bacteria, hydra, yeast, and jellyfish. It is also involved in the creation of identical twins, when one zygote splits into two identical copies. Sexual reproduction is used by most mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and insects. Advantages and DisadvantagesAsexual reproduction is well suited for organisms that remain in one place and are unable to look for mates, in environments that are stable. It is usually used by simple organisms such as bacteria. However, asexual reproduction does not lead to variation between organisms, meaning that entire groups can be wiped out by disease, or if the stable environment changes. Sexual reproduction allows for variation, the most fundamental element of evolution. It therefore creates species that can adapt to new environments and that cannot be wiped out by a single disease. However, sexual reproduction requires significant energy on the part of the organism to find a mate. It is not well suited to organisms that are isolated or stuck in place. You are to create a new section in your notebook for the Genetics unit. Once you have completed this, answer the following questions in your notebook on a page labeled Asexual vs. Sexual reproduction:
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